Diary extracts from Elizabeth (Pride and Prejudice). :: English Literature

Diary extracts from Elizabeth (Pride and Prejudice).EXTRACT ONE The first ball===========================A new gentleman arrived in the neighbourhood, and is now rentingNetherfield, a large house with extensive grounds. Of course my motheris very eager for one of her daughters to embrace him, as he is single,and possesses a large fortune. digest night, at the ball it was evidentwho he would marry out of my sisters, and that would be Jane, myeldest sister. Not astonishingly he chose Jane, as she was by far thebest looking woman there and had the finest character.Mr Bingley brought with him his friend, Mr Darcy, who we all agree tobe of bad character. He was so rarified that he didnt dance with any ofthe guests apart from Mr Bingleys close acquaintances. He was soshameless that, when Mr Bingley asked him why he wasnt dancing, andthen indicated me as a suitable colleague for him, he did not feel theneed to lower his voice or take into consideration my feelings. Hereplied to Mr Bing ley that I was tolerable. If he had anycompassion, he would have asked me to dance or not said anything, butnow, his personality is very decided. He is proud, arrogant andselfish.EXTRACT TWO At Netherfield===========================I am at Netherfield, still waiting for my poor sister Jane torecuperate. I suspect she will be well soon, and we shall both be ableto return home. Last night, I waited in the drawing room with theHursts, the Bingleys, and of course Mr Darcy. The evening passed withinterest, as I had ample time and opportunity to study the charactersof those who were with me. There were many ridiculous characters, but themost amusing person had to be cast off Bingley, as I could not help butnotice that she was very obviously attempting to bray with Mr Darcy,and that Mr Darcy was ignoring her efforts deliberately. Whenever Iremarked to Mr Darcy on a matter, he became more interested in me thanher, even if it was a debateable comment, or even a rude one. I do notknow what to think of this. Surely Mr Darcy cannot be attracted to aperson such as me who is just tolerable I his eyes?The Next day============Jane joined the company last night in the drawing room, as she wasfeeling much healthier. She and Mr Bingley were inseparable, and againI had time to amuse myself watching Miss Bennet and Mr Darcy. I thinkthat she was a little hurt when Mr Darcy and I got into a debate,

Not a Problem :: Argumentative Internet Equal Access Essays

Not a Problem In todays hi-tech world, at that place be millions of people who are refered through the internet. Almost all of these users are living in industrialized nations, such as the United States. But there are many nations that lack the infrastructure necessary to support such forms of communication. Many of these nations are third world countries. In this essay, I am passage to discuss the benefits and drawbacks of providing deprived regions of the world with such technology, and I will offer some better ways to spend our limited resources. I would have a difficult time arguing the case that no good could come from a world where everyone is connected to the internet. In fact, the world could benefit greatly if everyone was connected. The gainsay lies in weighing the costs and the benefits. Is it worth the time and money needed to chip in these people together? If general population of internet free individuals had the capabilities to connect to the liberalization of t he world, would they utilize the technology? Do other issues need to be taken care of before we about giving everyone access to a computing machine? These are all things that need to be considered when addressing the topic of fair access. To get things started, how would giving people, who are currently without access to the internet, some form of connectivity help the rest of the world? I think that bringing the deprived people a tool as useful as the internet would do great things. Granting accessibility to the near endless expanse that we call cyberspace would bring a wealth of information to the destitute and uninformed. People would be able to communicate and convey themselves in ways that had never been possible. They would be able to make educated decisions about issues that they may have otherwise not known about. The internet would bring another dimension to millions of peoples lives. But how useful would this information be when more than nine hundred million adults can not read, and millions more are considered functionally illiterate (Mooney 366). I will admit that bringing the internet to these people would bring them vast quantities of information, but that information is useless if they do not have the fundamental acquaintance needed to decode the text that is the foundation of every webpage. Consider this for example I could hand you a book containing all the secrets of the universe, but if the book was pen in code, you would not be able to do anything with that knowledge.

Fortunato is Fortunes Fool in The Cask of Amontillado Essay -- Edgar

Fortunato, Fortunes Fool Who was Fortunes Fool? The answer to that question would be Fortunato. Fortunato is a character in Edgar Allan Poes short story, The Cask of Amontillado. Fortunato has wronged Montresor, the narrator of Cask. The reader usher outt trust Montresor because he is an unreliable narrator, so the reader cant say for a fact that Fortunato had wronged Montresor. Montresor accordingly seeks revenge on Fortunato. During carnivale season, Fortunato is drinking all types of wine. Montresor knows Fortunato is drunk so he goes to Fortunato and tells him he has Amontillado. Fortunato wants the Amontillado so much, that he is willing to do anything for it, that leads him to his death. Montresor brought Fortunato into the catacombs, chained Fortunato to the wall, walled Fortunato up, and Fortunato was dead. Actually he wasnt dead right then and there. Montresor walled Fortunato up alive, so Fortunato can suffer much pain, then die, die a helpless man. Fortunato was a fu n winsome/outgoing, alcoholic, boastful/prideful man. Dressed as a jester at the carnivale, Fortunato was getting drunk. He drank and chatted with many people. Fortunato was a very fun-loving and outgoing man, ?He had a weak point- this Fortunato- although in other regards he was a man to be respected and even feared.? Montresor calls him respected, this shows that Fortunato was a man who many liked, making them respect him. The fear, as the reader might suspect, is that he prides himself too much in his knowledge of wine. Another fear, as the reader can assume, may be that he can get too outgoing. His drinking problems probably make him very distraught and obnoxious. Montresor knows that Fortunato is very outgoing, and that he aims and shoots fo... ...haracteristics bring about Fortunato?s fortune. He was fortune?s fool. His fortunes catch up with him and lead to a bad consequence, Fortunato?s death. If Fortunato wasn?t so enthusiastic when it came to wines, he may throw a way realized Montresor was going to do something bad. If Fortunato wasn?t an alcoholic, he wouldn?t have been drunk. If he wasn?t drunk, he may have known that Montresor was going to hurt him. Finally, if Fortunato wasn?t boastful and prideful, he wouldn?t have wronged Montresor at all. And if he never had done some sort of wrong to Montresor, he wouldn?t be dead. In summary, if Fortunato didn?t have those 3 characteristics, he wouldn?t be dead, and Montresor would have never said he had been ?wronged.? Unfortunately Fortunato was Fortune?s Fool. For his fortune favored him. Fortune was paragon?s gift to the fools, which is why fortune favors the fools.

Examine the practical and the morale constraints upon Jewish Resistance

Jewish safeguard through push through the holocaust has caused much debate among academics historians, and hitherto governments. Historians conclude that resistance was practical and morally constrained throughout the Second World War, for a variety of reasons. Historians such as Rab Bennett, Michael Marrus, Richard L Rubenstein, and John K Roth all have written in detail about the constraints placed upon Jewish resistance throughout this period. Each of these explanations will be examined throughout this idea. Furthermore, this paper will discuss examples of Jewish resistance during the holocaust, while applying the theories of each historian to explain in detail about the morale and practical constraints within Jewish resistance. Three main theories have been put forward to establish and explain how Jewish resistance was so constrained. Firstly, the Nazi army was attacking an unprepared and deprive population, who were taken by complete surprise during the Holocaust. Secondly , the Nazi army used brutal and cruel warfare methods upon the Jewish population to fully implement the holocaust. in the end Jewish resistance was met by such massive repercussions by the Nazi army, which ultimately bring ond fear among each community to obey the rule of Nazi government. The Nazi government secured a total fascist state in 1934 and had implemented the final solution in 1940. The final solution was to systematically destroy the European Jewish population with unspeakable horrors, which included gassing, executions, malnutrition, and grotesque medical experiments. Despite these conditions, Jews in both concentration camps and in the ghettoes tried to resist the Nazi army. However, explained by historian Rab Bennett the Nazi army had practically constrained Jewish resistance through a policy called collective responsibility. The aim of this policy was to create a sense of insecurity among the European Jewish population. For example the Nazi army had started to depor t Jews in Vilna to a nearby concentration camp. virtually Jews escaped and joined a resistance movement in a neighboring village. What happened next was typical of the policy called collective responsibility. The Jewish resistance group obtained a few weapons, and clashed with the Nazi army outside the city. Most of the Jews were immediately captured and killed instantly. In retaliation for the resistance, the local arm... ...hroughout Europe and many Jewish throng fought unarmed against Nazi genocide. The Jewish population faced an enemy that practiced total warfare against them. The Nazi army was able to efficiently wipe out more than six million Jewish people, while practically and morally constraining Jewish resistance throughout the Second World War. BibliographyPublished MaterialsRab Bennett, below the Shadow of the Swastika The Moral Dilemmas of Resistance and Collaboration in Hitlers Europe, New York University Press. 1999. Frank McDonough, Opposition and Resistance in N azi Germany 1933-1945, Cambridge University Press Michael R. Marrus, The Holocaust in History, Key Porter Books Ltd. 2000Randall C. Byterk, Bending Spines The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. Michigan State University Press. 2004Internet resourcesAuthor Unknown, Map taken from Google Website, www.googleimages.co.uk The Holocaust History bear Homepage www.holocaust-history.org/Holocaust Timeline Resistance fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/resist.htm -Holocaust Understanding- Jewish Resistance by A. Kimel www.kimel.net/resistance.html

Macromedia Director :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Macromedia DirectorOverview and IntroductionWhat Macromedia is and what squirt it do for a business.Macromedia Director is the premiere authoring softw atomic number 18 in the multimedia industry, allowing users to merge and orchestrate school text, graphics, animation, video, sound effects, and music into business presentations, entertainment and education CD-ROMs, interactive information kiosks, and other full-featured interactive software. Multimedia-rich programs can be developed with little programming skill.(http//enternet.softseek.com/Review_28506_index.html)It games different types file formats and you can combine images (BMP and PIC), sound (WAV), animation (GIF), text (RTF), and video content (FLC and FLI) into a individual file and then export it in a variety of file types, including AVI and Shockwave. (http//enternet.softseek.com/Review_28506_index.html)Macromedia Director features a high-quality playback engine optical effects, such as alpha channels, rotation, and s kewing support for vector illustrations a scriptable programming language entitled Lingo and much more.(http//enternet.softseek.com/Review_28506_index.html)Macromedia Director 6.5 lets you produce business presentations that sparkle with flavour, without giving you a scripting headache when you prepare them. Its goal is still to help novices quickly create multimedia animations, while letting advanced users produce eye-popping designs. At the heart of Director 6.5 is its put interface you create interactive designs by dragging Cast Members--such as images and sounds--onto Scores, or series of frames in an animation. But Director 6.5 brings much more designer to this virtual set. Its loaded with handy tools, and it works with all your favourite programs. To jazz up a PowerPoint file, simply import your slides into Director, and theyre placed on a Score. Here, theyre put together for sound, animation, and anything you want to add. (Jeff Walsh, 1998 v20 n20 p37(1) InfoWorld)Directo r 6.5 offers full Flash support, which makes it easy import and manipulate vector animations. Theres also enhanced Windows support for QuickTime 3.0, allowing snappy digital video. What type of visual media will it let user incorporate?Macromedia Director allows many different types of visual media to be incorporated. I will explore four types of media and its capabilities and limitations Director provides.(Andre Persidsky 97 Director 6.5) The four types areTextAnimationBitmaps and Vector grathicsTextDirector supports three different types of text that you can incorporate in your movies. These are bitmapped text, Rich text and field. Each type has it advantages. A summary has been given below.Rich text (or otherwise known as simple text) is created using Directors text window, or with the text tool found on in the Tool palette. Of the three types, Rich text has the most extensive formatting controls.

Huckleberry Finn ( Huck Finn ) :: Essays Papers

huck Finn3Characters found in Mark Twains novel, The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn are shown as being victims of the times through and through their ignorance to the possibility that all men are equal no matter what color skin one has. Pap, Hucks father, is the most ignorant slip within the book. He blatantly comes out and tells the reader his feeling of blacks, while a character such as Tom isnt so obvious. along with these two characters, the Royal Nonesuch and the Phelpss friends display an ignorance of the times. Huck displays ignorance at its best, and shows that with a little love, it can easily be diminished. Throughout the book characters give way their basis towards black people through the various situations. The most racist of the characters was Pap. He ref apply to believe that blacks and whites were equal. Pap walked around with a superior attitude because he was white, which was a common attitude of his time. While some characters, such as Huck, had sympathy t owards blacks, Pap did not care for them at all. He sentiment it to be quite absurd that a free slave had a gold watch and chain and a silver-headed cane while Pap had nothing (24). He was disgusted with the fact that this free slave was allowed to vote and he said, Ill never vote agin as long as I live, to stress how much he despised blacks (24). Pap believed the government to be corrupt because it couldnt sell a free nigger till hes been in the state six months (24). He even went on to tell the reader that the free slave was a prowling, thieving, infernal, white-shirted nigger only because he had a different color skin than Pap (24). He never had anything nice to say about blacks, and constantly looked down on them. Twain used Paps character.Toms ignorance was a lot more subtle than Paps. His ignorance was not shown until much later in the book when Huck tells Tom that he is going to steal Jim back. Huck was surprised when Tom said he was going to help Huck steal Jim beca use Huck thought that Tom would say, its dirty, low-down business (203). Huck, knowing that Tom was respectable and well brung up and had a character to lose, could not figure out wherefore Tom would help steal a slave (210).

Huckleberry Finn ( Huck Finn ) :: Essays Papers

huck Finn3Characters found in Mark Twains novel, The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn are shown as being victims of the times through their ignorance to the possibility that all men are equal no matter what color skin one has. Pap, Hucks father, is the most ignorant character within the book. He blatantly comes out and tells the reader his feeling of blacks, sequence a character such as tom turkey isnt so obvious. Along with these two characters, the Royal Nonesuch and the Phelpss friends display an ignorance of the times. Huck displays ignorance at its best, and shows that with a little love, it can easily be diminished. Throughout the book characters reveal their basis towards black people through the various situations. The most racist of the characters was Pap. He refused to believe that blacks and whites were equal. Pap walked around with a superior attitude because he was white, which was a common attitude of his time. While some characters, such as Huck, had sympathy tow ards blacks, Pap did not care for them at all. He thought it to be quite absurd that a cease slave had a gold watch and chain and a silver-headed cane while Pap had nothing (24). He was disgusted with the fact that this free slave was allowed to vote and he said, Ill never vote agin as long as I live, to stress how much he despised blacks (24). Pap believed the government to be corrupt because it couldnt sell a free nigger till hes been in the state six months (24). He even went on to tell the reader that the free slave was a prowling, thieving, infernal, white-shirted nigger only because he had a different color skin than Pap (24). He never had anything nice to say about blacks, and constantly looked dismantle on them. Twain used Paps character.Toms ignorance was a lot more subtle than Paps. His ignorance was not shown until much after in the book when Huck tells Tom that he is going to steal Jim back. Huck was surprised when Tom said he was going to help Huck steal Jim b ecause Huck thought that Tom would say, its dirty, low-down business (203). Huck, knowing that Tom was respectable and well brung up and had a character to lose, could not figure out why Tom would help steal a slave (210).

Prejudice Paper Essay

Through our own individualal experience, Professor McAuliff would like us to use the affairs we discussed throughout the semester to show an understanding of the concepts. using my experience with prejudice I will be providing how what I learned in the social psychology textbook. detriment has been a precise relevant topic I have related with throughout my life. In addition to reading and thinking approximately the concepts covered in the text, an important part of the learning knead includes applying these concepts to your own life and experiences. Prejudice is a preconceived shun judgment of a group and its individual members (Myers).Prejudice is an attitude essentially that can be either positive or negative judgments. More than likely the prejudice someone is faced with is negative. Being that it is an attitude you also have to know about the ABCs of attitudes. A is for the affect or feelings. B is for the behavior tendency or inclination to act. And C is for the cogniti ons or beliefs. They also help absorb into stereotypes and discrimination. Stereotypes is a negative evaluation in which you generalize the personal attributes of a group. Discrimination is an unjustified behavior toward ones group.Whether it is conscious or automatic prejudice is your ready(a) response to associations. Although our conscious minds are in the right places and we may truly believe we are not prejudiced, our hearts arent quite there yet (John Dovido, Time, 2009). With so many races in the world, it is often easy to see how quickly we are to label one another. Racial prejudice is Sco? 1 prime example of tribe labeled what a person should be. It goes far beyond enough for racial prejudice within the same groups some identify themselves with. People tend to top dog out what is wrong in their group before they admit their wrongs. In some groups you have anti- whatever thegroup is because a hatred developed from society. Prejudice is spread out throughout the world. No t strictly a racial epidemic it can be anything from youth disliking the elderly to genders disliking genders. It affects e reallyone the same especially from the negative side. When it is automatic your unconscious associations can be influenced by perceptions and reactions you have. Especially for gender prejudice, the gender role norms come into play. People have ideas on how men and women ought to behave. frequently prejudice and stereotype do get confused in this area. Stereotypes only support prejudice beliefs and attitudes are separate. With more separation prejudice has social inequalities. They fall by the wayside for one group to seek dominance over the other. Making groups break off into a particular stance. Creating this social hierarchy that can create aversion amongst groups. Status is looked the most in regards to the negative feeling that appear in prejudice socially. Rich versus the poor is the most common social dominance orientation. The event of the matter is people want to be on top of the hierarchy. Prejudice coming in so many forms is easy to grasp the idea of it beingness e very(prenominal)where. Nothing beats facing prejudice for the starting by-line time.As an African American male I have been faced with plenty of different forms of prejudice. I can recall being discriminated against just for being not only black but intelligent within my own group of black people. My very own cousin would tease me and call me a white boy, which I am clearly not, because I was interested in school. I was the first of many of my cousins to graduate high school and instead of being proud me they would tell me I was uppity or not black enough for them. It is very hard when your very own Sco? 2 family doesnt expect you.I wanted some much to conform to what they did but I wasnt thety pe of person who wanted to live a life. My cousins definitely are your stereotypical black people. I have found myself in a different social severalise than them just because I have worked harder than they have to be something more than someone running the streets. I can agree with racial prejudice the author discusses in the textbook because it has yet to die out. However racial prejudice in the black community in my opinion is at an all-time high and very prevalent. Though we have changed since the 1940s the anti-black prejudices havent. Social dominance is felt whether if it is whites being above blacks or other blacks be above other blacks. crown example is how black rappers spend their capital on material items instead of investing or saving just to compete with who have more money or more material items than they do. What you want, a Bentley? Fur coat? A diamond chain? All you blacks want all the same things, a line from Kanye Wests song New Slaves. He plays off of the typical stereotypes imposed on the black community, usually considered as hood dreams. Condescendingly, he uses the bound blacks as a euphemism and expands on this idea whe n he says I know that we the new slaves (rapgenius. com, Kanye West, 2013).Prejudice exists in our unconscious and conscious forms. It is a preconceived negative attitude that can affect some of our beliefs. It can arise in a social sources and lead people to split in groups. Unequal status breeds prejudice (Myers). Whether it is implicit or explicit all prejudice can mirrored from group to group. It may be a subtle action, but the delicate action that creates the worst problems. References Dovidio, John (2009). Prejudice Researcher. TIME. Sco? 3 Myers, D. G. (2013). Social Psychology (11th Ed. ). New York McGraw-Hill. RapGenius. com (2013). Kanye West- New Slave Lyrics Sco? 4.

Different Perspectives in Looking at Literacy

I. IntroductionThe aim of this paper is to provide a general discussion on how literacy end be understood from antithetic lieus. Just the like the proverbial 5 Blind Men of Hindustan who described the elephant albeit in sleep in concertly and relative to their experience, literacy can also be understood from variant perspectives. We whitethorn say that though all these perspectives atomic number 18 correct, they are also at the same conviction all inadequate to describe the whole phenomena of literacy. to date by pitch all of these perspectives together, we can come with a fuller picture and comment of what literacy really is. It is the aim of this paper to come up with a more complete understanding of literacy. In the end, we will bring together the different perspectives and come up with a wider view. Eventually it is hoped that through this, a better understanding of literacy can be achieved. Yet in the end, the definition would still be incomplete for literacy is a sue and acquire never really ends.The point however is to give out it at its utmost definition and contri merelye to its enhancement. There are four perspectives that will be dealt with in this paper with which literacy is tackled. These are 1. Literacy as a learning where cognitive achievements in speaking, realiseing, authorship, and functional literacy are discussed 2. Literacy as sociablely situated where literacy is defined by the specific social context from which it springs. 3. Literacy as a process of learning where literacy is seen as a lifelong and unending process4. Literacy as text where critical analysis of the social constructions are processed.II. BodyLiteracy as a skill The cognitive science perspective on literacy supposes at literacy mostly as reading and musical composition skills where reading must become like second nature and impulsive while at the same time having a very accurate interpretation. The brain must be able to process reading as turbulent as it can and in the most precise comprehension as possible. This skill must be practice in order to have bidding over it (Abadzi, 2004).Writing on the opposite hand is a nonher skill which is intricately connected to a break openicular syntax of a specific linguistic leger which are meaning- base and sound-based (Barton, 1994). An example of meaning based writing is the Chinese character which is not an alphabet but a representation of what is creation referred. An example of sound-based writing is our current alphabet based on the Greek system of writing assigning vowels and consonant sounds to actual letters that would signify meaning. This is considered to have technological favourable position over other forms of script (Olson, 1994).There is a belief that writing is more superior to speech because it is the actual transcription of the spoken word. Thus the cognitive railway line emphasizes on the significance of literacy in societys advanced capacities and progress. However this view has been criticized. To quote from Olson The focus on literacy skills seriously underestimates the significance of both the connotative understandings that children bring to school and the importance of oral discourse in bringing those understandings into consciousness in turning them into objects of knowledge. (Olson, 1997 cited in Street 2004)Thus one needs to constituent in oral competencies together with reading and writing skills in looking at literacy as skill (Robinson, 2003). Numeracy skills also have to be added as an grave component of literacy. Literacy skills must also include those that enable access to knowledge and development such as skills in surfing the internet, technological skills, computer literacy, among others (Lankshear, 2003). This sore view paved the way for the concept of functional literacy which can complement the limitations of the skills based perspective.Functional literacy is defined by the World Congress of Ministers of Education on the eradication of Illiteracy, Tehran September 1965 Rather than an end in itself, literacy should be regarded as a way of preparing man sic for a social, civic and economic role that goes beyond the limits of rudimentary literacy training consisting merely in sic the dogma of reading and writing. (Yousif, 2003) Functional literacy is most often linked to development which not tho means teaching reading, writing, rithmetic and speaking, but also knowing how to go about in society such as finding a job.Literacy as Socially Situated The ethnographic perspective to literacy looks into the practices of literacy in different cultural and social contexts. This perspective has been coined NLS or New Literacy Studies (Gee, 1999). This perspective looks at the everyday meanings and uses of literacy in specific cultural contexts and colligate directly to how we understand the work of literacy programmes, which themselves then become subject to ethnographic enquiry (Street, 2004). This pe rspective looks at literacy not merely as a skill but as a social practice which is socially constructed and imbedded in the culture of society.It argues that reading and writing are not neutral skills but based on concept of ideology, identity, being and knowledge. Thus this perspective emphasizes on the social situatedness of literacy. This is a more culturally sensitive approach where there is no item-by-item and universal definition of literacy but only in the social context wherein meaning is derived from (Doronilla, 1996). Most often than not the classification of illiterates are done on traditional societies on the hunting and gathering mode of economic production.However we cannot impose this definition on their lives because the applicability of being literate on their culture is not going to be very significant. Thus there is a call to review the literate-illiterate dichotomy. In a study by Sylvia Scribner together with Michael Cole in (The Psychology of Literacy, 1981) on the functions of literacy in Vai of north-west Liberia, they argue that literacy will only be fully understood within the context of the peoples social practices (Barton, 1994). The argument is such that being literate means that one can navigate well in his or her social universe.In traditional societies, learning to read and to write is not as compelling as learning to hunt and survive in the forest. The criticism levelled at this approach is that it emphasizes too much on local context without factoring in external forces such as colonization, religious evangelization, economic globalization and others (Brandt, 2002). Others also question this overemphasis on cultural residue when literacy should be encouraging peoples of the world to integrate and create meaningful social, economic, and political linkages (Maddox, 2001).Anthropological and ethnographic researches looking into the communicative process reveals that it is the local contexts that define literacy and that the texts can only be produced within specific cultural and social perspectives. Thus literacy should not be imposed from the outside as a dominant discourse but should naturally development from ones culture. Literacy as a process of learning The constructivist perspective looks at literacy as a continuing process earlier than an end product. Knowledge is seen as continually evolving and being socially constructed in the process of doing.This looks into the perspective of the learner and how he or she makes meaning and sense from his possess experiences. In this perspective, critical look is the key to individual and social transformation. This was developed by Kolb in adult education where the design is experiential and learning begins by personal reflection (Kolb, 1984). Paulo Freire is one of the main theorists propounding on this perspective. I quote from Paulo Freire, Every reading of the word is preceded by a reading of the world.Starting from the reading of the world that the reader brings to literacy programs (a social- and class determined reading), the reading of the word sends the reader back to the previous reading of the world, which is, in fact, a re-reading. (Freire, 1995) For Paulo Freire, literacy is not a matter of learning to speak, then to read then to write. These are all part of the learning process. Literacy is such that it gives meaning to our life and to our world as we continue to be part of the never ending process of social transformation.The whole process of interpretation and meaning giving should not be without conscientization and resolve to higher action. Part of Freires pedagogy is praxis which is a combination of theory and practice where literacy can dialogically transform the world (Freire, 1995). For Freire literacy originates first and foremost, from the social practices of man and his actual encounter with the world. Literacy as text Linguists, educationalists, and literary theorists look at literacy from the perspective of it being the subject matter (Bhola, 1994)) where the nature of the given texts are created and used by individuals.These texts may modify in terms of genre and subject, the levels of difficulty in the language being used, and in ideological content which can be explicit or hidden. This perspective looks at literacy where texts are bound together in intertextuality where peoples practices and texts intertwine. Thus the texts have the power to reproduce social practices such as social inequalities, gender relations, and racism among others. This is referred to as discourse.Others improved this perspective by also including non verbal conversation, gestures, body language are part of the communication process where different cultures and contexts can change the interpretation of meaning (Kress, 2001). Thus people choose representational resources on a case to case basis depending on what smirch and what context. To illustrate, even the theories of literacy are themselves embedde d in the assumptions and values of institutions and individuals. This perspective requires a critical reading of the text as social constructed and at the same time socially recreating society.Meanings are constructed according to social binaries and collusion of different values and forms of life. The criticism levelled at this perspective is determining its applicability in multi cultural settings and in a rapidly globalizing information society where the internet serves as a main medium bridging different cultures. Moreover, this perspective tends toward nihilism if we begin to look at all text being socially constructed, one may conclude that there neither defining value nor stable foothold to culture. Literacy as a Dominating IdeologyNeo Marxists levels its attack on the idea of literacy itself as a western and dominating ideology that creates social inequalities. This is being done by derogatory classification of illiterates without even looking at their specific culture and l ife forms from their own point of view. Literacy as an ideology is said to impose a standard created by the First World which brings with its own economic system of capitalism as already accepted. Thus the space of indigenous peoples for discourse is reduced only to a certain level of literacy from which they can discourse.Those who cannot speak the educated language are silenced. Technical discourse is preferred over experiential discourse. Bringing it all together If we look at the various perspectives in which we have analyzed literacy, we can see some common denominators in which all these perspectives can agree upon. These are 1. That literacy should involve the whole range of forgiving communication skills such as reading, writing, speaking, counting and even non verbal communication and the study of proxemics and body language as forms of representation. 2.That literacy is contingent on the needs of the learners and the needs of society. 3. That literacy must be able to empo wer and engage the people and must thrive within a optimistic learning environment. Yousif gives general definition of literacy based on these 4 perspectives Literacy is a technical capacity and a social act whose principal focus is reading, writing and numeracy as a step in a lifelong learning process that can lead to creative expression and conceptual problem-solving skills.Its principal objective is to enable the individual to achieve his goals and tocontribute to the welfare of his community (Yousif, 10-12 June, 2003). If we examine the definition above we will observe that at the core of literacy are cognitive skills but it does not end there. The definition of Literacy advertize reaches out to creative expression, the ability to navigate the social world and survive, and conceptual problem solving. This definition further affirms the social roots and origins of literacy as human beings are social beings. As individuals they have to make meaning and interpret communication. As social beings, we need to be part and contribute to the welfare of society.As literacy is integral to culture and society, it is also a lifelong process of learning for human society is never static. The Significance of this definition This definition can prove to be very significant in the conduct of literacy efforts all over the world. While literacy efforts may stress on cognitive skills at the beginning, they should also emphasize on self actualization and social transformation as a direction. Literacy is also seen not as an end in itself but a lifelong process directed at creative self expression, psychological empowerment and self actualization, critical engagement, and social transformation.Literacy efforts should also look at the applicability and practicability of literacy programs on the actual life situation and culture of the people. There is no generic formula for literacy and the point of literacy programs is to make human communities a better place to live in. Whil e however accepting such diversity, we also have to take note that the mass media through the information high way is literally changing the communication landscape of the world.Thus we need to be open to learning how to navigate through fast developments while being critical of dominating discourses that flood the media.III. ConclusionEducation for Freedom During the last 300 years when the industrial revolution began, dramatic advances had made it a essential for people in the modern world to have formal education in the schools. Before that, the transmission of learning and skills happened via oral tradition and the socialization of the young. Today, educational institutions are a must and acquiring formal education is already a necessity among the young.With the study of the different perspectives on literacy, we now know that literacy does not only mean skill but also competency. However, competency is not enough if one is to reach his highest potential. One needs critical sel f reflection to examine the deepest roots of our society and social life in order to change it. Thus literacy means gaining knowledge to understand the world and analyze society. Yet again the process never stops. For in the end, knowledge is useless if it has no goal and direction. The only worthwhile direction of human knowledge is none other than Freedom.This is what it really means when we say that reason has finally triumphed where the world lives on free discourses and what matter is whats right and not whos right. This is where literacy brings not only development but also freedom and a better world guided by wisdom and reason. As information society increases global communication and makes the world smaller, so must the free exchange of culture and knowledge proceed without discrimination but with respect so there would be a diversity which is a unity in itself guided by the highest kind of literacy we can ever imagine.

Ethical Issues Surrounding Gay Marriage Essay

When I think of Ethical issues in the world today, Gay Marriage seems to hits me the hardest. Now Maybe it is the f tour that I am bisexual myself or that I stimulate a jocund uncle who has been married for 2 years. Either way, I am a strong supporter of the accurate espousal mental institution, especi eithery homophile hymeneals. In this paper I will first indentify the honourable issue of lively marriage and specifically explore the ethical problems man marriage presents including their pros and cons. I will then explain the real theory of and determine how it would resolve the problems at hand.Next I will keep up by contrasting the theoretical solution with perspective of towards gay marriage. Lastly, I will go over which view is the closest to my stimulate personal panorama of gay marriage. Lets grow with the ethical issue at hand, Gay Marriage. The right for sapphic duos to become married is frowned upon in most of the world. In fact, Gay Marriage is and has bee n ane of the greatest ethical issues in the United bring ups since Slavery and Women Rights. In my own personal opinion, I believe Same-sex Marriage should non be an ethical issue.What is unethical, is how A person may lie, cheat, or fornicate, and still experience the grace of God hardly if they be in a gay alliance they ar somehow socially damned. I believe by denying both one person their constitution rights to comparison is wrong. If a person is homosexual and they remove to marry their signifi derrieret other(a), they have the civil right to do so under the constitution as a U. S. citizen. By denying whatever one person the right to marry whomever they choose, that is a violation of said persons civil rights, because marriage holds legal civil status.We all be Ameri shadowers who have the right to Life, intimacy and the Pursuit of Happiness. How tin can anyone deny Americans this right primarily because of their sexual taste? People p unblocke themselves on bei ng law abiding citizens, but choose to purloin against homosexual persons lifestyle and love interest based on the so called facts written many years ago in a religious book. The Bible is not the law That is one thing that most religious groups have not yet grasped. No matter what any one persons religious beliefs are, there is no law,power, or authority that gives them the right to push their religious beliefs onto others life. I do not nor have I ever thought religion should ever be the deciding factor in the worlds verdict ab knocked out(p) gay marriage? Today the growing acceptance of homosexuality is a direct threat to the domination of traditional Christian norms. According to the Christian Bible and many other religions texts, there is the believe that marriage is meant solely between a man and women, anything else is considered a act of sin.However, due to the bible stating that one should not pass perceptiveness on another, many church servicees are more recently accept ing same-sex couples. Personally speaking, many religious church goers use the bible as a authority to attack others. They walk nigh presenting this holier than thou appearance, but neglect to follow all of the teachings their bible possesses. It is funny how those same religious groups that accentuate to argue that gay marriage is a sin are the same race that are protesting to band their childrens public schools of religious content and practices.The separation of Church and State has been put into place in many U. S. cities. Knowing this, I do not understand how any government is to follow the rules on the separation of church and state, but then be given the right to place laws against gay marriage solely based of the Bibles written word. Homosexuals do not spend prison term going around telling heterosexual people that they are not allowed to engage in intercourse until marriage, while thats in the bible. The Bible vs. The reputation seems to play the biggest role in the a rgument against gay marriage.People have stated, the constitution should be changed, its outdated. However, their entire argument is incorporating the first amendment right of freedom of speech. in the lead the constitution was written, going against the government was unlawful. No one was allowed to speak their minds. I know that even in the bible when one went against what god said they were penalize or put to death. Heterosexuals dont like certain rights in the constitution that go against their own personal beliefs, but will turn and provide to others, like freedom of speech.Without some of those rights it would be unlawful for me to write this paper. Plus, I would have been murdered some time ago for being a face cloth and black, bisexual man. what most fail to see to it is that yes the bible thought of gays as a sin but it also listed a number of other acts as sin. If our lives were truly run solely by the Bibles scriptures, Gay marriage would be the last of the heterose xuals problems. Especially when most of the worlds murders are committed by heterosexuals. I personally do not like to base my arguments off a source unless I plan to use the entire source as foundation.I cannot say the constitution is wrong solely off on right I do not learn with. But turn around and accept the others that cater to my better living. That would label me as a hypocrite. Just like how many people use their religious beliefs to fight gay rights, but fail to follow other aspects of the bibles teachings. I am just human, who am I to judge anyone. This is just one of the many reasons why I can argue that many of the firm believers against gay marriage are set in hypocritical views. People against gay marriage claim that marriage is dedicated to obtaining a family.They argue that with marriage you have children and build a happy home. However, for many people, marriage is more about love and mutual faith than about starting a family, and so they would say that gay marr iage is not an issue. So for those who say its only to start a family, I would call this a delusional fantasy. For one there are more broken homes in the world now than anything. Now yes, Homosexual couples cannot physically be sick on their own. However, this does not give reasonability to deny the couple the right to marry. There are heterosexual couples that cannot physically have children of their own as well.There are many women out in the world that cannot bear children due to a numerous amount of health issues. My own aunt Kelly was told that she can never have children of her own. Her body just doesnt have the strength and or properly functioning organs to create life. The same goes for many men. I have a neighbor that recently told me that he has a condition that denies him the ability to produce reproductive sperm. As he likes to say, he is shooting blanks. Knowing this I didnt see any government laws stopping them from getting married. My aunt was told about her inabili ties to birth, over 20 years ago.Today she has been married twice. May I propel you that she is a heterosexual woman that cannot have children of her own and is still legally allowed to marry. In todays world, there are many alternative options for couples to start a family. The most popular way is absorbion. Also, there is much more controversy no-a-days regarding adoption . It has become apparent that more and more Homosexual couples are going outside of the United States to adopt children. They are forced to go outside of the United states due to the fact that they are not legally allowed to adopt here in the states.Lesbian and gay-parented families may be more likely than others to include members from more than one ethnic group . So because the government wants to discriminate against the homosexual lifestyles, there are more and more American children left without a home. No one that can legally adopt them is stepping up for the responsibility. It is square that you truly r espect something more that you have to fight for. My grandmother used to tell me this since I was really young. There are so many heterosexuals out there that are horrible parents or that take the gift of parenting for granted.They do drugs and make extreme decisions that break up their families or make the decision to rid themselves of the responsibility of parenting all together. I speak from person experience. As a young boy at the age of 5, my mother gave me and my 5 younger siblings up to child protective services. At the time she chose her friends and her drug abuse over her children and family. She did not care whether we would be okay or not, she dropped me off with only 1 shoe. All my mother cared about was being able to get high without the guilt of us seeing her do it.I ended up arse in the family, but my siblings were all separated some are still in the system. Now I personally have never seen a homosexual couple that are bad parents. It is usually the exact opposite. H omosexual couples have to fight in order to build their families so they try not to do anything to mess that chance up. I have also never met a homosexual couple that didnt want children. Along with starting families, those against gay marriage also argue that children brought up in a same-sex marriage household are taught morals and beliefs.Some say that this type of household is poisonous to the child, that it teaches them to go against our creator. what if their families do not sell in the same religious beliefs as others. Contrary to what most assume, there are many people that do not believe in God. Just like there are many cultures that believe in gay rights. So no one can make the basis of their argument on the creator when not everyone believes in him. Also, they like to say that by growing up in a gay household, the child is going to turn gay. the association between religious attendance and attitudestoward gay marriage is mediated by a belief that sexual orientation is a choice rather than innate & . This is so ridiculous in so many ways. For one being gay is not a disease, you cant just catch it. Being gay is not something you inhabit like a accent. People are not made gay they are born gay its just a matter of when they decide to accept it. I was raised in a house with a male and womanish parenting role, and I still knew I was different. I am a bisexual male and so are many of my friends. These friends of mine were raised in all types of different households, but known were raised in same-sex households.At the same time I have 3 friends that were adopted and raised by dickens homosexual men and not a single one of them are gay. They are all in heterosexual relationships and never once thought of being with the same-sex. These are a few examples of discrimination against gay marriage. Another major problem with gay marriage that people are beginning to argue is the take of heterosexual couples. Many people argue that the world will change for he terosexual couples if same-sex marriages were allowed. Income taxes is one on the many reasons they have behind this outrages claim.Many people are in the belief that income taxes will be increased. Also, the IRS gives certain credits and benefits to those separates that have children and other dependants. Heterosexuals believe that the government will be forced to consent the same financial benefits and credits on income taxes towards homosexual couples which they believe will lower everyones benefits. Along with their income taxes, theyre under the assumption that social warranter taxes will increased and the benefits decrease if the government has to provide accommodation for these same-sex married couples.One of the more common ignorant claims is regarding heath care. People are tilt that their medical insurance premiums will rise based on these stereotypical images of homosexual lifestyles. They have always believed that homosexuals get diseases and illnesses like Aids or h uman immunodeficiency virus easier than heterosexuals. Based on this belief they think that there will be a higher health care needs associated to the treatment of these more at risk diseases. These potential changes in circumstances do not hold enough credibility to deny a person the right to join the institution of marriage.It is unethical to claim the power to control if someone can get married. Most of the world believes Gay marriage is unethical. I have to disagree with that assumption. This is another way that heterosexuals choose to be hypocrites. Using Arranged marriage as an example, I prove my case. Mostly everyone in the world, whether homosexual or heterosexual, can agree that arranged marriage is unethical. Many people believe that all want arranged marriage is wrong because you should have the right to choose whom you marry. So how is that any different than what homosexuals want.Homosexuals are also being denied the chance to marry who they choose. Again being hypocri tical People believe Marriage is about love and commitment. both(prenominal) homosexuals and those forced into arranged marriages are victims. Neither gets to decide what they want to do, how to live, who to love. The only difference between the two is that at least arranged marriage is marriage. The couple that is actually in love cannot be married. When two people fall in love, they all want the same thing. They dream of this life together, married, with a family, and more. wherefore should homosexuals be revoked that reality.It should not matter if you are gay or reliable, you should be able to get married if you want. On another note I also, do not believe that anyone should have to travel away from home to legally get married. Some people have to travel multiple states away, because none of the states cheeseparing them allow same-sex marriage. The day that all 50 states come to the same decision accepting gay marriage will not come anytime soon, but I do hope I am still ali ve to see a good size amount of them jump the bandwagon. This is one way that would begin to solve the issue.When it comes to gay marriage, I believe the classical theory of Utilitarianism would help solve many of the problems. Utilitarianism is a consequential theory. It is the view that the morally right performance is the action that produces the most good . The Utilitarian view seeks to maximize the overall good in a situation. In other words, one should always act in a way that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people. It is proven that there are fewer people against same-sex marriage, than for it. So the theory of Utilitarianism is the trump out resolution to the issue the ethical problems of gay marriage.If the government acted with utilitarian views, then we would have less anger, debate, spend less money on a supernumerary battle. Along with this view one would also need a clear perspective of the issue. A clear perspective of the issue of same-sex ma rriage would be relativism. Relativism is the root word that ones beliefs and values are understood in terms of ones society, culture, or even ones own individual values . It is the philosophical concept that all points of view are equally valid, and that all truth is relative to the individual .Both sides that are involved realize that neither side will ever agree nor neither side is right or wrong. Each Society, culture or religious group is organize by its own ethical values and beliefs, with how they see things to be right and wrong. I believe that when it comes to gay marriage everyone is going to have to agree to disagree. holiness is the top reason to why people are against same-sex marriage. What church goers fail to realize is that they are forcing their religious beliefs onto not only the homosexuals but to all.Everyone has their own views and when Homosexuals try to voice theirs, they are attacked, (metaphorically). The only way that this problem is ever going to get a nywhere is if both sides try to understand that just because everyone doesnt share your same views and beliefs, that doesnt make them wrong. The cannot ignorantly believe that everyone automatically shares their beliefs. Homosexuals are already at this point, they are the hypocrites in this situation. All they want is equality, the same equality that everyone else has been fighting for all these years.In conclusion, I have indentified the ethical issue of gay marriage and explored the ethical problems gay marriage presents including the pros and cons. I then explained how the classical theory of Utilitarianism would resolve those problems. I continued by contrasting the theoretical solution with perspective of relativism towards gay marriage. Lastly, I went over which view is the closest to my own personal outlook of gay marriage. I do not believe that there should even be such a thing as gay marriage. The title itself is discriminatory.Gay people do not go around referring to a het erosexual couples marriage as straight marriage. So why should a society filled with diverse lifestyles be allowed to refer to homosexual marriages as gay marriage. Marriage is marriage, either way. It should not be labeled as any other. Whether, heterosexual or Homosexual, its the same institution and should hold the same rights. At the end of the day I am a firm believer that the discrimination against gay marriage should be outlawed. Gay people do value the institution of marriage, therefore their relationship and want to marry is ethical in my eyes.References Driver, J. (2009, June 21). The History of Utilitarianism. Retrieved from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http//plato. stanford. edu/archives/sum2009/entries/utilitarianism-history/ Haider-Markel, D. P. (2008). Beliefs about the origins of homosexuality and support for gay rights. Public Opinion Quarterly, 72, pp. 291310. inside10. 1093/poq/nfn015 Mosser, K. (2010). Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility. San Diego Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Patterson, C. J. (2013). Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents Psychology, Law, and Policy.Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(S), 2734. Rosenfeld, M. J. (2007). The age of independence Interracial Unions, Same-sex Unions, and the Changing American Family. Cambridge, MA Harvard University. Swoyer, C. (2010, December 21). Relativism. Retrieved from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/relativism/ Todd, N. R. , & Ong, K. S. (2012). Political and Theological Orientation as Moderators for the Association Between Religious Attendance and Attitudes Toward Gay Marriage for color Christians. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4(1), 5670.

Obligation and Contracts Reviewer

compactS AND CONTRACTS REVIEWER TITLE I OBLIGATIONS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS 1156. An duty is a juridical necessity to give, to do, or not to do. JURIDICAL NECESSITY juridical tie connotes that in case of noncompliance, there will be legal indorsements. An pledge is nothing more than the duty of a person (obligor) to satisfy a specific demandable claim of another person (obligee) which, if breached, is en military forceable in court. A wring necessarily gives rise to an obligation but an obligation does not always need to have a deoxidise.KINDS OF OBLIGATION A. From the viewpoint of sanction 1. CIVIL OBLIGATION that defined in name 1156 an obligation, if not fulfilled when it becomes due and demandable, may be enforced in court through action based on law the sanction isjudicial due process 2. NATURAL OBLIGATION defined in artistryicle 1423 a special kind of obligation which cannot be enforced in court but which authorizes the retention of the voluntary payment or p erformance made by the debtor based on law and natural law. (i. e. hen there is prescription of duty to pay, still, the obligor paid his dues to the obligee the obligor cannot recover his payment even there is prescription) the sanction is the law, but only conscience had primarily motivated the payment. 3. MORAL OBLIGATION the sanction is conscience or morality, or the law of the church. (Note If a Catholic promises to hear mass for 10 consecutive Sundays in order to receive P1,000, this obligation becomes a civil one. ) B. From the viewpoint of subject matter 1. REAL OBLIGATION the obligation to give 2. PERSONAL OBLIGATION the obligation to do or not to do (e. . the duty to paint a house, or to refrain from committing a nuisance) C. From the affirmativeness and negativeness of the obligation 1. POSITIVE OR favorable OBLIGATION the obligation to give or to do 2. NEGATIVE OBLIGATION the obligation not to do (which naturally inludes not to give) D. From the viewpoint of pe rsons stimulate sanction 1. UNILATERAL where only one of the parties is bound (e. g. Plato owes Socrates P1,000. Plato must pay Socrates. ) 2. BILATERAL where both parties are bound (e. g. In a contract of sale, the buyer is obliged to deliver) may be (b. ) reciprocal (b. 2) non-reciprocal where performance by one is non-dependent upon performance by the other ELEMENTS OF OBLIGATION a)ACTIVE case (Creditor / Obligee) the person who is demanding the performance of the obligation b)PASSIVE SUBJECT (Debtor / Obligor) the one bound to perform the prestation or to fulfill the obligation or duty c)PRESTATION (to give, to do, or not to do) object subject matter of the obligation make out required to be observed by the debtor d)EFFICIENT CAUSE the JURIDICAL TIE which binds the parties to the obligation source of the obligation.PRESTATION (Object) 1. TO GIVE delivery of a thing to the creditor (in sale, deposit, pledge, donation) 2. TO DO covers all kinds of works or services (contract for professional services) 3. NOT TO DO consists of refraining from doing some acts (in following rules and regulations). Requisites of Prestation / Object 1)licit (if illicit, it is void) 2)possible (if impossible, it is void) 3)determinate or determinable (or else, void) 4)pecuniary value INJURY wrongful act or omission which causes loss or harm to another upon result of injury (loss, hurt, harm) 157. Obligation make grows from (1) law (2) contracts (3) quasi-contracts (4) acts or omissions punished by law (5) quasi-delicts. (1) LAW (Obligation ex lege) imposed by law itself must be expressly or impliedly set forth and cannot be presumed See Article 1158 (2) CONTRACTS (Obligation ex contractu) arise from stipulations of the parties meeting of the minds / formal agreement must be complied with in good faith because it is the law amid parties neither party may nilaterally overreach his obligation in the contract, unless a)contract authorizes it b)other party a ssents Note Parties may freely enter into any stipulations, provided they are not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy See Article 1159 (3) QUASI-CONTRACTS (Obligation ex quasi-contractu) arise from lawful, voluntary and unilateral acts and which are enforceable to the end that no one shall be unjustly enriched or benefited at the expense of another 2 kinds 1.Negotiorum gestio unauthorized management This takes place when a person voluntarily takes charge of anothers abandoned business enterprise or property without the owners authority 2. Solutio indebiti undue payment This takes place when something is received when there is no counterbalance to demand it, and it was unduly delivered thru sneak See Article 1160 (4) DELICTS (Obligation ex maleficio or ex delicto) arise from civil liability which is the consequence of a criminal offense Governing rules 1.Pertinent provisions of the RPC and other punishable laws subject to Art 2177 Civil de cree Art 100, RPC both person reprehensively liable for a felony is also civilly liable 2. Chapter 2, Preliminary title, on Human dealings ( Civil commandment ) 3. Title 18 of Book IV of the Civil Code on damages See Article 1161 (5) QUASI-DELICTS / TORTS (Obligation ex quasi-delicto or ex quasi-maleficio) arise from damage caused to another through an act or omission, there being no fault or negligence, but no contractual affinity exists between the parties See Article 1162 158. Obligations from law are not presumed. Only those (1) expressly determined in this code or (2) in special laws are demandable, and shall be adjust by the precepts of the law which establishes them and as to what has not been foreseen, by the provisions of this code. Unless such obligations are EXPRESSLY provided by law, they are not demandable and enforceable, and cannot be presumed to exist. The Civil Code can be applicable suppletorily to obligations arising from laws other than the Civil Code i tself. Special laws refer to all other laws not contained in the Civil Code. 1159. Obligations arising from contracts have the force of law between the contracting parties and should be complied with in good faith. CONTRACT meeting of minds between two persons whereby one binds himself, with respect to the other, to give, to do something or to leave some service governed primarily by the agreement of the contracting parties. sensible CONTRACT it should not be against the law, contrary to morals, good customs, public order, and public policy. In the eyes of law, a void contract does not exist and no obligation will arise from it. OBLIGATIONS ARISING FROM CONTRACTS primarily governed by the stipulations, clauses, terms and conditions of their agreements. If a contracts prestation is unconscionable (unfair) or unreasonable, even if it does not violate morals, law, etc. , it may not be enforced totally. Interpretation of contract involves a doubt of law. COMPLIANCE IN GOOD FAITH compliance or performance in accordance with the stipulations or terms of the contract or agreement.FALSIFICATION OF A VALID CONTRACT only the unauthorized insertions will be disregarded the original terms and stipulations should be considered valid and subsisting for the partied to fulfill. 1160. Obligations derived from quasi-contracts shall be subject to the provisions of chapter 1, title 17 of this book. QUASI-CONTRACT juridical relation resulting from lawful, voluntary and unilateral acts by virtue of which, both parties become bound to each other, to the end that no one will be unjustly enriched or benefited at the expense of the other. (See Article 2142) 1)NEGOTIORUM GESTIO juridical relation which takes place when somebody voluntarily manages the property affairs of another without the knowledge or consent of the latter owner shall reimburse the gestor for necessary and useful expenses incurred by the latter for the performance of his function as gestor. (2)SOLUTIO INDEB ITI something is received when there is no right to demand it and it was unduly delivered through mistake obligation to return the thing arises on the part of the recipient. (e. g. If I let a storekeeper change my P500 write up and by error he gives me P560, I have the duty to return the extra P60) 1161.Civil obligations arising from criminal offenses shall be governed by the penal laws, subject to the provisions of Article 2177, and of the pertinent provisions of Chapter 2, Preliminary in Human Relations, and of Title 18 of this book, regulating damages. Governing rules 1. Pertinent provisions of the RPC and other penal laws subject to Art 2177 Civil Code Art 100, RPC Every person criminally liable for a felony is also civilly liable 2. Chapter 2, Preliminary title, on Human Relations ( Civil Code ) 3. Title 18 of Book IV of the Civil Code on damages Every person criminally liable for a felony is also criminally liable (art. 00, RPC) CRIMINAL LIABILITY INCLUDES (a)RESTITUTION restoration of property previously taken away the thing itself shall be restored, even though it be found in the possession of a third person who has acquired it by lawful means, saving to the latter his action against the proper person who may be liable to him. (b)REPARATION OF THE DAMAGE CAUSED court determines the amount of damage price of a thing, sentimental value, etc. (c)INDEMNIFICATION FOR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES includes damages suffered by the family of the injured party or by a third person by reason of the crime. Effect of acquittal in criminal case . when acquittal is due to reasonable doubt no civil liability b. when acquittal is due to exempting circumstances there is civil liability c. when there is preponderance of evidence there is civil liability 1162. Obligations derived from quasi-delicts shall be governed by the provisions of chapter 2, title 17 of this book, and by special laws. QUASI-DELICT (culpa aquiliana) an act or omission by a person which causes dam age to another good-looking rise to an obligation to pay for the damage done, there being fault or negligence but there is no pre-existing contractual relation between parties. (See Article 2176)REQUISITES a. omission b. negligence c. damage caused to the plaintiff d. direct relation of omission, being the cause, and the damage, being the effect e. no pre-existing contractual dealings between parties Fault or Negligence consists in the omission of that diligence which is required by the nature of the obligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the person, time, and of the place. BASIS DELICTS QUASI-DELICTS 1. INTENT immoral/ malicious Negligence 2. INTEREST Affects PUBLIC interest Affects PRIVATE interest 3.LIABILITY Criminal and civil liabilities Civil liability 4. PURPOSE Purpose punishment amends 5. COMPROMISE Cannot be comprised Can be compromised 6. GUILT Proved beyond reasonable doubt Preponderance of evidence CHAPTER 2 NATURE AND EFFECT OF OBLIGATIONS 1163. Eve ry person obliged to give something is also obliged to take care of it with the proper diligence of a good father of a family, unless the law or the stipulation of the parties requires another standard of care. Speaks of an obligation to care of a DETERMINATE thing (that is one which is specific a thing identified by its individuality) which an obligor is hypothetical to deliver to another. Reason the obligor cannot take care of the whole class/genus DUTIES OF DEBTOR Preserve or take care of the things due. ? DILIGENCE OF A GOOD pay back a good father does not abandon his family, he is always ready to provide and protect his family ordinary care which an average and reasonably prudential man would do. -Defined in the negative in Article 1173 ANOTHER STANDARD OF CARE extraordinary diligence provided in the stipulation of parties. ? FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED diligence depends on the nature of obligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the person, time, and place. ** Deb tor is not liable if his failure to deliver the thing is due to fortuitous events or force majeure without negligence or fault in his part. Deliver the fruits of a thing Deliver the accessions/accessories Deliver the thing itself Answer for damages in case of non-fulfillment or breach

Dispatches Paper Essay

As I read Dispatches by Michael Herr, there is an overwhelming sense of fear and horror. His dispatches are be by soldiers called grunts, whose enemy was allwhere and nowhere. Their maps were blank their names for the enemy, Charlie or VC, told them nothing. How do you recognize them? They all wear downhearted pajamas they are all alien to us. They are everywhere. Thats where the paranoia began. Herrs dispatches are disturb because he writes from inside the nightmare, with all the tension and terror that turned these young men into killing machines. It is all the to a greater extent frightening because, emptied of any concerns for justice, or ethics, or solidarity, they opened fire anywhere, everywhere. After all, who could know where or who the enemy was?Herrs use of brutal imagery impris atomic number 53d me into his savage surroundings. From the soldier who sewert stop drooling as a result of a particularly dreadful gun battle, to the scenes of the dead, Ameri croupe and Vi etnamese, adult and infant, on battlefields and village streets. The characters are real people in a situation that most of them neither like nor understand. They are young men who invoke the alike shortcomings we all have. They are professional soldiers and act that way despite their misgivings. They push past the boundaries of fear and into the realms of heroism or insanity or death. Everyone that he introduces is individual. at that place are no carbon copy soldiers here. They are funny or musical or religious or delusional. I felt as though I was being introduced to people I knew throughout the book.From time off in Saigon and Hong Kong to his time spent in a bunker during the siege of Khe Sanh, Herr covers every aspect of the war. He shows how so many soldiers were so drastically affected by the war. He describes the strange, fearful moments when at night the jungle suddenly goes silent. Herr tells tales of Marines throwing themselves on top of him with incoming fire, people he has only just met minutes or hours before that are risking their lives to protect his. This book is very descriptive and one of the best examples of this is this sentence, Every fifth round was a tracer, and when Spooky was working, everything stopped while that solid stream of violentred poured down out of the black sky. In this sentence Herr is retelling the feelings felt by everyone as they watched the gunships flying overhead, unleashing the fury of gatling-guns that could fire thousands of rounds per minute. Not only does Herr convey the impact of such a potty he does it in such a manner that a vivid image is formed in the readers mind.One of the more disturbing and insightful quotes in the book comes when a Marine at Khe Sanh learns that his wife is pregnant, but not with his child. Herr retells with this account, Oh dont worry, Orrin said. Theres gonna be a death in my family. Just soons I git home. And then he laughed. It was a terrible laugh, very quiet and intense, a nd it was the thing that make everyone who heard it believe Orrin. This quote shows how badly some soldiers were transformed during the war. A man who used to be very peaceful and calm would now deplume at the slightest provocation. He would now plan the death of his wife for cheating on him. With these examples I would definitely say that one of the strengths of this book is its vivid descriptions. The new(prenominal) strength of this book is probably how it covers the emotional and physical aspects of the war.Still it is difficult to reconcile Herrs disregard for the grunts brutality and his apparent admiration that surfaces. Herr feeds on the death and carnage of the battlefield. It is difficult to grudge a person for their attachment to the most exciting times of their life. Herrs is almost an addiction to the life of the thrill seeker, but as he frequently mentions, unlike the grunts, he could always take the next chopper back to an air-conditioned hotel room in Saigon, or a dd altogether. (Not that an air-conditioned room in Saigon would be necessarily safer than Khe Sahn) He describes Vietnam as a jumbled, confused, mess of a living hell.Herr also wrote the narration for Apocalypse Now, so what more do you need to know? It is crucial to understand that this book is not a political or military history of the war. Instead, Herr tried to confront the experience of what it was like to be in Vietnam you wont find a handy map and glossary in the back. (If you honestly dont know what words like di di, zip, grunt, 16, and DMZ mean, I suggest you bone up on your history.)There are two major downfalls to this book proceed and fiction. His writing style, disjointed and confused, makes the book a little hard to get used to. But when you do get used to it only then can you see that Herr is trying to give the reader an accurate account rather than a moral lecture. In terms of fiction the problem with writers is that they are writers. As such they are basically di shonest. This is not Vietnam as told by a soldier. This is Vietnam as told by a journalist who is in-country to the precise extent he cares to be and hotfoots it out of there when the going gets rough. In the beginning of the book Herr describes the horrors of night patrol by describing his own fear. He then informs the bewildered reader that this is a bit too much for him and therefore takes his journalistic eye somewhere else. The difference between a journalist and a soldier is that the soldier cant leave when he feels like it and so he doesnt have the luxury of drama. Unfortunately, most of this book is drama.

Family in Dead Poet’s Society’s Neil Perry

Neal Perry is one of the major characters in the Peter Weir 1989 film Dead Poets Society which starred Robin Williams as Professor John Keating who invigorate the lives of his students at Welton Academy. Actor Robert Sean Leonard portrays Neal Perry and plays as a impeld student who is passionate about theatre. In this film, family plays a large role in the development of the plot and the characters in the film most especially Neil Perrys family who later can be assumed as the reason for Neils suicide.His pargonnts are presented in the film as the typical aristocrats who hold themselves responsible for their childs future career. Mr. Perry is a father who dictates what he and his wife think is the best for Neil without considering his interests. Clearly, this puts Neil in a very frustrating situation as he struggles to ensue his dreams and please his parents. Her mother who at some point can be regarded as softer than his father, she also contributes to the pressure being put upo n Neil. They want him to become a doctor someday which reveals that they want him to be in a profession where there is a constant income.Being an actor clearly does not appeal to them as the profession does not always provide stability. Also, it can be assumed that Neils parents are also dictated by the society around. They are also victims of conformity who want to establish their reputation in the higher class of their society. John Keating, the position professor of Neil Perry has definitely influenced his way of thinking. Mr. Keating inspired him to Seize the day and pursue his dreams despite the dictates of his family or society. Neil responds to this by pursuing a role in William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream.He does so without the consent of his parents. However, the move just worsens his situation as he is instructed to leave Welton to enter a military school. Apparently, Neil believes he had had enough of his parents dictates in his life that he finally resorts t o suicide. In Neils situation, it is ende hard to determine whether it is Mr. Keatings teachings that led him to victorious his life. What Mr. Keating intends to teach is non-conformityfor students to practice freedom and pursue their dreams for their own fulfillment.For this matter, it can be assumed that Neil would not sire taken suicide if he had not met Mr. Keating. It is Mr. Keating who taught him to pursue his dreams no matter what and his act of taking the role of Puck in A Midsummer Nights Dream led his parents to have him quit school for military. Before Mr. Keating, Neil has always been the obedient child who always followed his parents orders. Without Mr. Keating, he would not have auditioned for the character role for it would be noncompliance to his parents. Without Mr. Keating, he would probably be still stuck in the medicine field too weak to stand up for his own and defend himself to his parents. He would not have known freedom and would still have conformed to t he rules of his family and society. His passion in acting would not have been ignited by Mr. Keatings teachings. Clearly, Mr. Keating has influenced his way of thinking that led him to become more frustrated in life. However, suicide is not acceptable as the only way out. With Mr. Keatings teachings of non-conformity, Neil could have pursued his dreams by himself and detach himself from his tyrannical parents.He could have made a living of his own by accepting acting roles. In addition, he could have asked Mr. Keating for help. Mr. Keating could have talked to his parents and convinced them that their son is not a machine that they could run by themselves. He needs to have a life of his won. There are a lot of other ways to solve his predicament without him taking his life. Clearly, his parents have become too much of a burden for him emotionally that a boy of his intelligence was unable to think straight in such a hard time.In this film, the purpose of ones family is given emphasi s as the major tolerateer of ones life. Neil Perry has lost all the support that he needs when his parents forced him into things that he does not want to do. His family is unable to realize his passion which creates a discrepancy in his way of living that he resorts to suicide. Ones family is as important as the air that we breathe. Living without their support can clearly make life miserable in ways that it makes life feel unworthy.

4 Reasons Chinese Companies Ipo in America Essay

Reasons Chinese Companies IPO in the States Why do so many good Chinese companies go public in inappropriate marts rather than let domestic investors share in the profits of growth? Chinese investors often give up or so why would good companies, like Tencent (0700. HK), Baidu (NASDAQ BIDU) and Sina (NASDAQ SINA), choose to proclivity in the US and Hong Kong instead of on the Chinese A-shares market. There are four main reasons 1. If a Chinese company takes impertinent enthronisation using a VIE structure, it washbowl except disputation abroad 2.Many companies dont wager the strict financial standards for a Chinese inclination 3. mainland Chinas listing care for takes a long period of time and non very transparent, a torturous examination compared with the Statess speedy registration 4. Chinas regulatory agencies perpetually overregulate, rather than letting the market decide 1) If a Chinese company takes opposed investment using a VIE structure, it can only list abroad The core reason is simple. These companies arent at all eligible to listed on the Chinese A-Shares merchandise, which restrict the overseas-funded enterprises severely.To receive foreign investment, a great number of Chinese companies set up a corporate structure called theVIE or Sina structure, because some industries such as inter pull in information & services and financial services are restricted or even prohibited in foreign-funded investment. This structure is especially common for technology companies that raise finance early and often, frequently from foreign investors. State-owned enterprises aside, roughly Chinese companies in the US are not legally Chinese at all. Theyre caiman Islands, British Virgin Islands, etc. ompanies that control Chinese entities. Chinese regulators lease raised the idea of allowing foreign companies to list on the A-Shares Market, but at present thats still speculative. A worry for foreign investors is that the entire VIE structure, which largely serves to circumvent Chinese laws barring foreign ownership, has beencalled into questionby Chinese regulatorsin late(a) months. 2) Many companies dont meet the strict financial standards for a Chinese listing In August 2005, when Baidu (NASDAQ BIDU) listed in US, Chinese asked this very question. Let us review.Baidu didnt evanesce profitability until 2003. When it went public, it had been profitable for just 2 years. The companys profit was only $300,000 (2. 4 zillion RMB) in the quarter prior to its IPO. This is far from the minimum IPO criteria for the Chinese Small and Medium roof A-Shares Market, where net profit in the recent 3 fiscal years must be affirmatory and the sum exceeds 30 million RMB aggregate cash flow from operational activities in the recent 3 fiscal years exceeds 50 million RMB, or aggregate operating revenue in the recent 3 fiscal years exceeds 300 million RMB. Baidu didnt even live up to the standards for listing on the Chinese Growth Enterprise M arket Profitable for the previous 2 years, with aggregate net profits of not less than 10 million RMB and consistent growth or profitable in the previous year, with net profits of no less than 5 million RMB, revenues of no less than 50 million RMB, and a growth rate of revenues no less than 30% over the last 2 years. Nor may capital be less than 20 million in the year prior to the IPO. )Chinas listing process takes a long period of time and not very transparent, atorturousexamination compared with Americas speedy registration Going public is like discharge through a round of torture. In the prolonged process of waiting for review, they have not only to be upset by countless uncertainties, but also incur high costs take away the balance sheet. 4)Chinas regulatory agencies perpetually overregulate, rather than letting the market decide Chinese regulatory agencies are actually most concerned about investors.They fear that investors will buy low- prime(a) stocks and they thereof sp are no efforts to set up strict review processes for IPOs. They are also concerned about investors losing money in the secondary market and therefore set up protection measures like downward(prenominal) limits and upward limits and make adjustments to the IPO rhythm to stabilize the secondary market. But these good intentions only shutdown up leading everybody astray from the originalmarket intention.The quality of companies listed on the A-Shares Market is far from satisfactory, plot of ground most of the companies with the best growth potential and highest returns to investors list abroad. Moreover, the A-Shares Market remains one of the capital markets with the largest fluctuations in the world The conclusion should be fairly simple regulatory agencies should not and cannot be held responsible for a companys quality through an IPO review. The operational risk of a company does not move in lock step with static indicators like financial data. Regulatory agencies should not and cannot be responsible for the luctuations in the secondary market. Fluctuations of the market can never be contained by up or downward limits, nor can the regulator effectively set the IPO rhythm. Chinese companies will continue to list abroad, despite sky-high A-Share Market valuations To be fair, under the elaborate care of regulatory agencies, A-Shares do have their own magic, that is, a super financing power. Especially in the fiery Growth Enterprise Market over the last year, PE ratios frequently shoot up to 100x. Every single listed company has been overjoyed to wee more funds than planned.With such stupid wealthy people circumstances, will companies still want to list in foreign markets? I believe so. Again, there are many companies that will never meet the standards of the A-Shares Market. For growth companies that really desperately need funds, even the listing threshold of the Growth Companies that list abroad dont have to worry that investors will criticize them for a b road definition of misappropriation. For them, tone ending public is not just a one-time IPO sale, but also a sustainable financing platform. In ConclusionTo sum up, the pre-IPO review and post-IPO trading have made A-Shares Market a divers(prenominal) ecosystem from foreign markets. It is hard to say which is better. But companies themselves have preferences. Therefore, I dont think less companies will list in foreign markets despite the high valuations of A-Shares. Its hard to tell if quality Chinese companies will give A-Share investors a chance to invest. Article by SimonFong ( ),Founder & professorship of Snowball Finance, iChinaStocks parent company. The original Chinese article was published in the October edition of The Founder.

Ethnomethodology and symbolic interaction perspectives differ in their approach Essay

Ethno modeology and exemplary fundamental interaction perspectives differ in their approach. Explain how these perspectives differEthno systemology and Symbolic interaction atomic number 18 both sub-categories in the complaisant theory of interaction. fundamental interactionism reducees on the details of throngs everyday lives and how people use symbolism to communicate plainly similarly to maintain our character and the impression others have of us as case-by-cases.both perspectives study similar parts of hearty interaction and tone of voice at behavioral and companionable averages in modern society. However they differ slightly in both their approach to analyzing amicable norms but also have different perspectives on the basis of modern affectionate norms.Symoblic interaction studies and theorises the way in which individuals in society act towards each other based on the subject matter that they have for different actions and processes. The meaning we attach to certain actions is the product of the individuals previous complaisant interaction and at that placefore the individual continues to hired manle and modify their own interpretation during all their social encounters. One of the founding theorists of the emblematic interaction was Herbert Blumer and he suggested that we attach meaning to the actions of other individuals and therefore we do non precisely respond to the actions of the individual but also to the meaning we attach to that action. in that locationfore people behave and react, in social interaction, because of what they study and not by what is taking place at the time. Thus the construction of society is based on human interpretation of social action and therefore social bonds atomic number 18 only exploited by means of two individuals interpretation of deportment.The theory and meaning of Ethno regularityology can be formed by breaking rarify the word into its component parts. Ethno meaning people, method m eaning method and ology meaning the study of makes Ethnomethodology the study of the method of people. A better definition of the theory is the study of society in everyday life and the abstract of the use of knowledge, actions and interpretations in social situation. Ethnomethodlogists argon interested in understanding how an individual makes sense of the social world and islinked to phenomenology. Harold Garfinkel furyed the use of language and communication as way of analysing the way people make sense of their environment.This focus on language and communications gives us one of the key differences in the approach of both theories. Whilst Ethnomethodology puts emphasis on the touchence of language and communication, symbolic interaction puts greater emphasis on actions and interpretations of the individual in social interaction.The nature of meaning of social interaction is fundamental in both symbolic interaction and ethnomethodology. The definition of meaning and how it us ed and analysed is considerably different between the two perspectives. In symbolic interaction meaning is the interpretation given by the actor to the setting they are in therefore the meaning is the product of the individuals social interactions but is interpreted on during the interaction. Blumer says meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he encounters1. Despite ethnomethodologists agreeing with symbolic interactionists that meaning is formed in social interaction they differ in the particular that they insist that meanings only exist in certain circumstances and that developing and changing through differing forms of social interaction.This difference in the interpretation of meaning results in different views on certain types of research method and what data is used and the validity of that data. In ethnomethodology the focus is put on the social interaction or communication, they are studying, wh ilst it takes place and therefore video recording, live observation and audio recordings are used as the key methods of research and analysis. However in symbolic interaction there is much more focus put on field notes and post social interaction recollections such as interviews and group discussions which in the field of symbolic interaction is valid enough to gain the point of view of the actor. This is in austere furrow to ethnomethodology who recall that the actors point of view is irrelevant in sociological study. There is much criticism of the symbolic interactionist method as there is no set structure in their methodsand they rely heavily upon the actor to give his or her point of view which is considered not valid by the ethnomethodologists. both(prenominal) the theories have different perspectives on the role of the actor in a social interaction and he or she makes sense of their setting. Symbolic interactionists deliberate that the individual is the fundamental part to the processes and meaning of social interaction. Roles and identities are therefore attributed by the actor in social interaction and the social interaction happens in an internalised orientation where the actor can also take on the role of the other and has appreciation for the role of the other. Ethnomethodology has an alternative theory to the role of the actor and disagrees entirely with the role of the actor that is given by symbolic interactionists. Counter to symbolic interaction theory, ethnomethodology suggests that is not the actor that dictates the setting and meaning of a social interaction rather that the setting is self-organised and that organisation gives the roles of the actors and the others rather than it being chosen by their own consciousness. As salubrious as this ethnomethodologists rarely refer to the actor in social interaction but rather chose to refer to each individual as a member. As such the members in a social interaction do not build it themselves r ather they become a product of the interaction, this is in contrast to symbolic interaction where the actor builds the interaction from the inner self.In symbolic interaction each social interaction happens in a particular context and this can either be a coif context or a professional context. All contexts in symbolic interaction can be defined using ethnographic investigation by studying the context features of that interaction. Ethnomethodologists on the other hand believe that context is a product of the interaction and that any contextual features of an interaction are not clear beforehand but become clear during the interaction. Ethnomethodoligists such as Garfinkel do not believe that the symbolic interactionisms view of context does not give and accurate description of every form of interaction and therefore the use of context in Ethnomethodology is merely an extra interactional feature.Ethnomethodologists study behavioral norms not only by looking at the individual intera ctions, like symbolic interaction, but by attempting to break these norms and studying how society and the individual react. Through this theory Ethnomethodologists believe you get a clearer consensus of what is the norm as people find it difficult to describe what is the norm as most of it is in the sub-conscious.Ethnomethodlogists believe that it is only when these norms and behavioural patterns are broken that the norms become more apparent as people are not become accustomed to react to the new form of behaviour. A famous example of this method was when college students in the US were asked to act like guests in their own homes. They were told to be impersonal but semi-formal and to study the reaction of their parents and family. After explaining the experiment to their parents many parents described different reactions. Some parents believed they wanted something, others theme it was a joke and some believed they were hiding things. This experiment allowed the students to see that even informal norms that we take for disposed(p) in the home are carefully structured and by disrupting these norms they become clearer.However Ethnomethodology and Symbolic Interaction do have their similarities and despite their different approaches they do study the same area from similar perspectives. Both theories study the micro world of interaction theory and despite the particular that both are criticised for having a very narrow field of research they do look at very similar things. Although there is one area in which symbolic interaction is analyse in the macro world and that is in Goffmans study of ritual. Despite the fact that both theories study the perspective from the micro world, Ethnomethodology is rarely studied outside of two areas, the first being the household and the second being conversational. Ethnomethodology puts great emphasis on the role of communication in social interaction and therefore limits the field of study they can look at. Symbolic inter action covers a much broader field of study in the micro world. It does not only look at communicational interaction but also at the action and interpretation of the forms of social interaction.In conclusion it is obvious that these perspectives differ on how theyapproach the subject of social interaction but there differences do not mean that they are not very similar fields of study. bloody shame Gallant suggests that both ethnomethodology and symbolic interactionism share a verstehen2 approach and that they both interpret behaviour by taking actors meanings into account3. However where they differ is in their approach to the topic of social interaction and therefore they gain different kinds of understanding repayable to the fact that they are seeking answers to different questions. This is due to the fact that Ethnomethodology studies social interaction from a largely phenomenological4 viewpoint and looks at how individuals look at the real world with particular focus on commun ication and speech. Whereas symbolic interactionism is part of the critical impost5 and looks more at how people give meaning to the world around them. Despite the fact that as Dennis suggest the Ethnomethodological approach means that the symbolic interactionists focus on actor, meaning and context is inessential6 it does see it as a valid sociological perspective7. So although there are many differences in the perspectives the theories have on social interaction they do have similar ship canal of looking at the world and they do both study the same micro field of sociology. script Count 1675Bibliography1. Blumer, Herbert. Symbolic interactionism Perspective and method. Univ of California Press, 1986.2. Dennis, Alex. Symbolic Interactionism and Ethnomethodology. Symbolic Interaction 34.3 (2011) 349-356.3. Denzin, Norman K. Symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology A proposed synthesis. American Sociological Review (1969) 922-934.4. Gallant, Mary J., and Sherryl Kleinman. SYMBO LIC INTERACTIONISM VS ETHNOMETHODOLOGY. Symbolic Interaction 6.1 (1983) 1-185. Goffman, Erving. Interaction ritual Essays in face to face behavior.Aldine Transaction, 2005.6. Mead, George Herbert. Mind, self, and society From the standpoint of a social behaviorist. Vol. 1. University of Chicago press, 2009.

Christian Commission Essay

The foregoing discussion showed that during the civilian war women served in many capacities. They helped in the war effort even though they only stayed at home by knitting socks and sewing shirts and uniforms they organized themselves in order to raise funds for the war chest they acted as medics and field take ins and some of them, who proved as brave if not braver than the others, literally risked their lives by playing the dangerous game of espionage.How invariably, their participation in the war did not stop there. They defied the law in both the North and the S come to the foreh which prohibited women to join the army as fighting soldiers by comprise as men. Both the sum total and the unite armies were duped into drafting women disguised as men. Although almost of them were probably propelled by extreme patriotism, it turned come on that many joined the army for other, more personal reasons. One of the most notable women soldiers in the Union army was Sarah Emma Edmonds .Sarah joined the army as a volunteer in Michigan, where she enlisted as a man by the wee of Franklin Thompson. (Lewis, 2007) She later served with the 2nd Michigan Infantry for a couple of years. It was reported that there were times when she had to act as a spy disguised both as a black man or as a woman. (Hall, n. d. ) She was reported to have seen work on in the Battle of Blackburns Ford, the Peninsular Campaign, Antietam, and Fredericksburg. According some accounts, she later deserted and became a nurse with the U. S. Christian Commission. (Lewis, 2007) However, there were reports that she voluntarily left the army after contracting malaria and feared that she would be found out if she would submit for treatment. (CivilWarStudies. org, n. d. ) Her application for a veterans pension which was approved in 1884 was given downstairs the name Sarah E. E. Seelye, her married name. (Lewis, 2007) She was later named to the Grand Army of the Republic, the lone female to have been so named. (Hall, n. d. ) some other interesting story was that of Malinda Blalock.In her desire to be with her husband, William Mckesson Blalock (known as Keith to friends), she pretended to be Williams brother, Samuel. She thusly joined F Company of the 26th North Carolina Infantry where Keith was also serving. Malinda was a Confederate by heart while Keith was a dyed-in-the-wool Lincolnite and was loyal to the Union cause. Although Keith was pressured by his family and fiends into joining the Confederate Army, he was continuously entertaining thoughts of deserting as soon as an opportunity presented itself.Malinda, despite being a loyal Confederate subject, was prepared to desert with him anytime. (Hall, n. d. ) However, the opportunity for desertion not having presented itself, the couple fought alongside each other under the Confederate flag (in a total of three battles) until March 1862 when Malinda sustained a shoulder wound. cowardly that they would be separated as soon a s it was known that Malinda was a woman and forced out of the unit, Keith covered himself with poison oak to develop skin blisters and high fever. Fearing a case of small pox, the go with doctor decided to discharge him for medical reason.The couple left Company F together on April 20, 1862 and went home to the mountains of western North Carolina to rest. The risk of recall to duty remained for Keith, however. So what the two did was hide in the mountains and turned Union guerillas, operating in the mountainous areas of East Tennessee and western North Carolina. Keith and Malinda later functioned as scouts attached to the 10th Michigan Cavalry. (Halls, n. d. ) There was also a case involving a 19-year-old immigrant from Ireland. He gave the name Albert D. J. rupture when he signed up with the 95th Illinois Infantry on August 3, 1862.He was express to have participated in about forty major and minor battles until August 17, 1865. After his stint with the Union army, he found empl oyment as an ordinary laborer and ultimately received a pension. He later lived in a Soldiers Home located in Quincy, Illinois where, in 1913, he was eventually discovered by a home surgeon that he was actually a she. Albert D. J. Cashiers being a woman made the headlines. Nobody who knew her during her whole adult life ever suspected that she was in reality a woman. On October 11, 1914, Cashier died in an asylum for the mentally ill. (Blanton, 1993)